X-Ray Screening Technology of Today
When it comes to technology, today’s X-ray screening equipment can be classified into three groups:
2D Single-View
2D Multi-View
3D Computed Tomography (CT)
CASRA is working to offer pre-employment, training and competency assessment for all three technologies. Please browse through the windows below to learn more about what is already available today.
Conventional single-view technology displays a baggage from only one viewpoint. Such technology does not feature automated explosive detection and fully relies on the skills of the X-ray screener. The task of X-ray screeners is to visually inspect the X-ray images by searching for prohibited items and deciding whether the bag is harmless or not.
selected relevant publications
Halbherr, T., Schwaninger, A., Budgell, G., & Wales, A. (2013). Airport security screener competency: a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 23(2), 113-129. [Link]
Koller, S., Drury, C., & Schwaninger, A. (2009). Change of search time in X-ray baggage screening due to training. Ergonomics, 52(6), 644-656. [Link]
Koller, S., Hardmeier, D., Michel, S., & Schwaninger, A. (2008). Investigating training, transfer and viewpoint effects resulting from recurrent CBT of X-ray image interpretation. Journal of Transportation Security, 1(2), 81-106. [Link]
solutions supporting this technology
Pre-employment assessment test for the selection of potential X-ray screeners
The all-in-one training and testing solution
X-ray competency assessment test for screener certification
More advanced multi-view technology shows cabin baggage from at least two viewpoints and its automatic Explosive Detection Systems (EDS) highlights areas that might contain explosive material by colored frames.
selected relevant publications
Schwaninger, A., & Merks, S. (2019). Single-view, multi-view and 3D imaging for baggage screening: What should be considered for effective training? Aviation Security International, February 19, 32-35. [Link]
von Bastian, C., Schwaninger, A., & Michel, S. (2008). Do multi-view X-ray systems improve X-ray image interpretation in airport security screening? Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, 3, 166-173. [Link]
Solutions supporting this technology
The all-in-one training and testing solution
X-ray competency assessment test for screener certification
Most recent technology is based on 3D computer tomography (CT). Such systems show 3D rotatable images and additional 2D slices. Objects that could be explosive are highlighted by color by its even more powerful automatic Explosive Detection System (EDS).
selected relevant publications
Schwaninger, A., & Merks, S. (2019). Single-view, multi-view and 3D imaging for baggage screening: What should be considered for effective training? Aviation Security International, February 19, 32-35. [Link]
Hättenschwiler, N., Mendes, M., & Schwaninger, A. (2018). Detecting bombs in X-ray images of hold baggage: 2D versus 3D imaging. Human Factors. [Link]
Hättenschwiler, N., Merks, S., & Schwaninger, A. (2018). Airport security X-ray screening of hold baggage: 2D versus 3D imaging and evaluation of an on-screen alarm resolution protocol. Proceedings of the 52th IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology, Montréal Canada, October 22-25, 2018 , 1-5. [Link]